The first spiral of the Column of Trajan begins with a tight angle that widens gradually into a riverscape that includes, in the words of Lepper and Frere, “two stockade ‘block-houses’, a log-pile ready to ignite as a beacon by night, straw-piles for making smoke-signals by day . . . , and three galleried and stockade ‘signal-towers’ with protruding torches . . . In between these last, auxiliary soldiers are on guard, looking out across the stream” (Trajan’s Column, 48).

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River landscape